How much does sleep deprivation impair endurance performance? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on endurance performance, as well as possible effect-modifying factors. Searches were done in Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus on 12 July 2022. We additionally searched the bibliographic references and citations on Google Scholar of the papers whose full text was analyzed. Eligible studies were randomized and non-randomized controlled trials that compared sleep deprivation and habitual-sleep night effects on endurance performance in healthy humans. The studies' quality was examined by the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. We calculated the pooled standardized mean differences (pooled SMD) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) by a random-effects model. A mixed-effects model analyzed subgroups. Thirty-one studies were analyzed (n = 478), generating 38 effect sizes in full. The overall risk of bias was low in 8% of the studies, unclear in 74%, and high in 18%. Sleep deprivation in general had a moderate negative effect on endurance performance (polled SMD [95%CI] = -0.52 [-0.67; -0.38]). Training status, sleep deprivation magnitude, assessment time, exercise mode, and endpoint type did not influence the sleep deprivation effect, whereas longer exercises (>30 min) were more affected by sleep deprivation than shorter ones (P = 0.035). Therefore, the available evidence supports that sleep deprivation's deleterious effect on endurance performance is of moderate size and depends on exercise duration. This information can be useful to estimate the performance decrement of endurance exercise practitioners under sleep deprivation in training routines and competitions.PROSPERO registration number CRD42021229717.

Sleep deprivation causes a moderate deleterious effect on endurance performance.Sleep deprivation similarly impairs endurance performance in untrained, recreationally-trained, and trained people, but its effect on well-trained and professional endurance athletes is unknown.One or more nights of partial sleep deprivation or one night of total sleep deprivation similarly compromise endurance performance. Uncertainties about the effect of more than one night of total sleep deprivation warrant more studies.Sleep deprivation impairs walking, running, and cycling endurance performance regardless of the exercise endpoint being unknown (i.e. incremental or constant load tests) or known (i.e. time trial tests) and assessment time. However, sleep deprivation causes a more deleterious effect on endurance performance in exercises lasting more than 30 min.

Perceived Exertion: Revisiting the History and Updating the Neurophysiology and the Practical Applications.

The perceived exertion construct creation is a landmark in exercise physiology and sport science. Obtaining perceived exertion is relatively easy, but practitioners often neglect some critical methodological issues in its assessment. Furthermore, the perceived exertion definition, neurophysiological basis, and practical applications have evolved since the perceived exertion construct's inception. Therefore, we revisit the careful work devoted by Gunnar Borg with psychophysical methods to develop the perceived exertion construct, which resulted in the creation of two scales: the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the category-ratio 10 (CR10). We discuss a contemporary definition that considers perceived exertion as a conscious perception of how hard, heavy, and strenuous the exercise is, according to the sense of effort to command the limbs and the feeling of heavy breathing (respiratory effort). Thus, other exercise-evoked sensations would not hinder the reported perceived exertion. We then describe the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in the perceived exertion genesis during exercise, including the influence of the peripheral feedback from the skeletal muscles and the cardiorespiratory system (i.e., afferent feedback) and the influence of efferent copies from the motor command and respiratory drive (i.e., corollary discharges), as well as the interaction between them. We highlight essential details practitioners should consider when using the RPE and CR10 scales, such as the perceived exertion definition, the original scales utilization, and the descriptors anchoring process. Finally, we present how practitioners can use perceived exertion to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, individualize exercise intensity prescription, predict endurance exercise performance, and monitor athletes' responses to physical training.

Effect of traditional resistance training on blood pressure in normotensive elderly persons: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses / Efeito do treinamento resistido tradicional sobre a pressão arterial em idosos normotensos: revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos aleatórios e metanálises

Abstract The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of the regular practice of traditional resistance training (RT) on systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in normotensive elderly persons. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses was performed. Searches were performed without language restrictions in different databases. Randomized clinical trials published from 1966 to 2010 that assessed the effects of traditional RT on resting blood pressure (BP) and/or for the treatment of high BP were included. Only studies that assessed the effects of traditional RT on elderly adults, regardless of the number of exercises, with the presence of a control group and comparisons between groups, were included. Twenty-nine studies were found, but only six met the inclusion criteria. The mean difference was used for meta-analysis, using a 95% confidence interval and a random effect model. Traditional RT induced a significant decrease in SBP (-6.63 mmHg; p=0.02) but not in DBP (-3.34 mmHg; p=0.11). These results suggest that traditional RT may be a non-pharmacological strategy for the control of BP in the elderly. AU

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a efetividade da prática regular do treinamento resistido (TR) tradicional sobre a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) em idosos normotensos. Uma revisão sistemática de Ensaios Clínicos Aleatórios (ECAs) com metanálises foi adotada. A busca dos estudos foi realizada sem restrição por idioma em diferentes bases de dados. ECA sobre os efeitos do TR tradicional sobre o controle da PAS e PAD de repouso ou no tratamento e/ou manutenção da pressão arterial elevada publicados de 1966 a 2016 foram selecionados. Somente estudos com idosos que realizaram o sistema de TR tradicional, independente do número de exercícios, com a presença de grupo controle e com comparações entre grupos foram incluídos. Dos 29 estudos encontrados na literatura somente seis atenderam os critérios estabelecidos. Para a metanálise empregou-se a diferença da média, com intervalo de confiança de 95% e modelo de efeito aleatório. A prática do TR tradicional acarretou redução significante na PAS (-6,63 mmHg; p=0,02) mas não na PAD (-3,34 mmHg; p=0,11). Os resultados sugerem que o TR tradicional pode ser uma estratégia não farmacológica bastante interessante para o controle da pressão arterial em idosos. AU

Comparison of the electrical activity in upper trapezius and wrist extensor muscles during two typewriting conditions / Comparação da atividade elétrica dos músculos trapézio superior e extensores do punho em duas condições de digitação

Introduction The proper use of the position of the arm and wrist while typing may reduce muscle overload and prevent musculoskeletal disorders.Objective To evaluate the electromyographic activity of upper trapezius and wrist extensor muscles during two typewriting conditions.Materials and methods : Six healthy females (Xage = 42 years,SD= 10), (Xheight = 1.65m, SD = 0.05) and (Xweight = 71kg, SD = 16) participated in this study. The task was performed with a newly developed arm support and without the support. A perceived exertion scale was used with all subjects. An ANOVA with repeated measures was used to verify differences in perceived exertion and root mean square (RMS).Results There were no statistically significant differences for the RMS between the typewriting tasks. The condition without arm support presented a significantly greater mean velocity and amount of words typed (P= 0.02; P= 0.03) and there was a significant difference in perceived exertion during the condition without arm support (P= 0.03). Electromyographic activity did not present differences.Conclusion The muscle electrical activity was not altered regardless the arm support and occurred the improvement of the perceived exertion after 10 minutes of typing without support. Long-term studies are needed.

Introdução O uso adequado da posição do braço e do punho durante a digitação pode reduzir a sobrecarga muscular e prevenir doenças musculoesqueléticas.Objetivo Avaliar a atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos trapézio superior e extensores do punho durante duas condições de digitação.Materiais e métodos Seis mulheres sadias (X idade = 42 anos, DP = 10), (Xaltura = 1,65m, DP = 0,05) e (Xmassa = 71 kg, DP = 16) participaram deste estudo. A tarefa foi realizada com e sem um apoio de braço. Uma escala de percepção de esforço foi aplicada para todos participantes. ANOVA de medidas repetidas foi utilizada para verificar diferenças na percepção de esforço e root mean square (RMS) para a atividade eletromiográfica.Resultados Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para o RMS entre as tarefas de digitação. A condição sem apoio de braço apresentou maior média de velocidade e quantidade de palavras digitadas (P = 0,02; P = 0,03) e houve uma diferença significante na percepção de esforço durante a condição sem apoio de braço (P = 0,03). A atividade eletromiográfica não apresentou diferença.Conclusão A atividade elétrica muscular não se alterou independente do apoio e ocorreu a melhora do esforço percebido após 10 minutos de digitação sem apoio. Estudos em longo prazo são necessários.

Avaliação do déficit de rotação medial e do encurtamento posterior do ombro em jogadores profissionais de basquetebol / Assessment of deficit in medial rotation and posterior shortening of the shoulder in professional basketball players

O arremesso destaca-se como um dos principais gestos que envolvem a articulação do ombro. Atletas que praticam arremessos acima da cabeça possuem maior propensão a desenvolver lesões no ombro e podem apresentar significativo aumento da rotação lateral (RL) e diminuição da rotação medial (RM). O déficit de RM é chamado GIRD (glenohumeral internal rotation deficit). O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a existência de alterações na mobilidade da articulação glenoumeral em atletas profissionais de basquetebol, bem como verificar se existe correlação entre a ADM de RM e o encurtamento posterior do ombro. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 19 jogadores profissionais de basquetebol. A mensuração da RM e RL do ombro foi realizada através dos métodos de goniometria e biofotogrametria, e também foi realizado o teste para encurtamento posterior do ombro. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças significantes entre os gêneros e também entre as rotações (RL e RM) quando comparados o ombro dominante e o não dominante, assim como, no teste de encurtamento posterior, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Não houve correlações entre a diminuição de RM e o teste para encurtamento posterior do ombro. CONCLUSÃO: Alterações na mobilidade da articulação glenoumeral em atletas profissionais de basquetebol não foram encontradas nessa amostra, assim como não houve correlação entre a ADM de RM e o encurtamento posterior do ombro.

Throwing is distinguished as one of the main gestures that involve the shoulder joint. Athletes who practice throwing over the head are more prone to develop lesions in the shoulder and can provide significant increase in lateral rotation (LR) and decreased medial rotation (MR). The deficit of MR is called GIRD (Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit). The objective of this study was to verify the existence of changes in mobility of the glenohumeral joint in basketball professional athletes and if there is a correlation between range of motion (ROM) of MR and shoulder posterior shortening. METHOD: 19 professional basketball players were evaluated. The MR and LR shoulder were measured through goniometry and photogrammetry in addition to the test for shoulder posterior shortening. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between genders or between rotations (LR and MR) when dominant and non-dominant shoulders were compared. Concerning the shortening test, no statistically significant differences were observed either. There were no correlations between RM decrease and the test for shoulder posterior shortening. CONCLUSION: No changes in mobility of the glenohumeral joint in professional basketball athletes in this sample, or correlation between ROM of MR and shortening of the shoulder posterior shortening were found.

Avaliação da confiabilidade e usabilidade de três diferentes programas computacionais para a análise fotogramétrica do ângulo de flexão de quadril / Reliability and usability assessment of three different softwares for photogrammetric analysis of hip flexion angle

A análise fotogramétrica pode ser feita por meio de diferentes programas computacionais. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a confiabilidade e usabilidade de três diferentes programas em uma análise fotogramétrica durante a flexão do quadril e discutir aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos de cada um deles. Participaram do estudo 26 voluntários do gênero masculino, com idade entre 19 e 30 anos (x=25,4 anos, DP=2,5) que realizaram o teste do sentar e alcançar por meio do banco de Wells adaptado. Marcadores cutâneos foram posicionados nos processos ósseos: trocânter maior do fêmur e espinha ilíaca anterossuperior. A aquisição da imagem foi realizada no limite máximo da execução do teste. Todos os programas apresentaram uma alta confiabilidade entre as medidas, além disso, foram apresentadas vantagens e desvantagens específicas na adoção de cada um deles. O programa SAPO foi considerado com maiores vantagens para utilização na prática profissional, no entanto, para realização de análises em pesquisas científicas todos os programas apresentam pontos que devem ser considerados antes da sua adoção.

The photogrammetric analysis can be done by using different softwares. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and the usability of three different softwares during the hip flexion photogrammetric analysis and to discuss the qualitative and quantitative aspects of each one. Twenty-six volunteers participated in this study with age between 19 and 30 years old (x=25.4 years, SD=2.5) who underwent the sit-to-reach test through adapted Wells´ bench. Reflective skin markers were positioned in the anterior superior iliac spine and greater trochanter. The image acquisition was collected in the maximum limit of test execution. All softwares showed a high reliability between measures, besides it was presented specifics advantages and disadvantages during adoption one of them. SAPO´s software was considered with major points for professional practice, although taking the analysis for scientific research all softwares demonstrated characteristics that must be taken into consideration before adopting them.

Força de preensão manual de atletas tenistas avaliada por diferentes recomendações de teste / Handgrip strength evaluation on tennis players sing

A avaliação da força de preensão manual (FPM) em tenistas competitivos deve ser realizada devido à assimetria que o jogador pode desenvolver. Para avaliar a FPM, profissionais utilizam dois protocolos diferentes (das Sociedades Americana e Europeia). Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar a FPM usando a técnica do European Test of Physical Fitness Handbook (Eurofit) e da American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT), bem como verificar a FPM entre o lado dominante/contralateral e comparar a FPM entre as idades em atletas de tênis da categoria infanto-juvenil. Participaram do estudo 137 tenistas do gênero masculino e 45 do feminino, todos com idade entre oito e 18 anos. Para avaliar a FPM, segundo as recomendações da Eurofit e ASHT, foi utilizado um dinamômetro manual (Jamar). Nenhum dos sujeitos avaliados apresentava qualquer lesão que pudesse comprometer o teste. Os resultados mostram que não há diferença na FPM entre os posicionamentos recomendados pela Eurofit e ASHT para medir a FPM independente do gênero. A curva sigmoide foi a que melhor se adequou para regressão da FPM e idade em ambos os gêneros sendo que para o masculino a FPM tem maior inclinação aos 11 anos, já para o feminino a maior inclinação é aos 10 anos. Além disso, a partir dos 14 anos, o lado dominante dos atletas masculinos apresentou maior FPM que o lado não dominante; contudo, essa assimetria não ocorreu no feminino em qualquer idade até os 18 anos.

It is important to assess the handgrip strength (HS) in competitive tennis players due to asymmetry between the dominant and contra lateral hands that players might develop. In order to assess HS, clinicians can use two protocols already established that are different from each other (from European Test of Physical Fitness Handbook [Eurofit] or American Society of Hand Therapists [ASHT]. The objective of this study was threefold: Firstly to compare the HS using the Eurofit and ASHT technique; secondly to compare HS between dominant/nondominant hands, and last, to compare the handgrip between ages of juvenile tennis player athletes. 137 male and 45 female tennis players (aged between 8 and 18 years) participated in the study. In order to assess HS following the Eurofit and ASHT recommendations, a Jamar dynamometer was used. None of the athletes had any injury that could compromise tests. There was no difference in handgrip strength between Eurofit and ASHT recommendations regardless of sex. The best curve to describe the regression of HS and age for both genders was a sigmoid function. Males presented a higher slope at 11 years and females had a higher slope at 10 years. Moreover, in male athletes dominant HS presented higher values than non-dominant HS beginning at 14 years. However, for the females the asymmetry in HS did not occur for any age until 18 years.

The peroneus reaction time during sudden inversion test: systematic review.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether peroneal reaction time is influenced by ankle's impairment in subjects with ankle injury assessed by surface electromyography. The studies were identified by electronic research by two independent reviewers at the following databases: MEDLINE (1966-2009), EMBASE (1980-2009), LILACS (1982-2009), CINAHL (1982-2009) and, SPORTDiscus (1975-2009). Studies were divided into following groups: I--subjects with injury (paired by the opposite limb); II--subjects with or without injury (paired by limbs from different subjects) and III--subjects with or without injury (other situations). Studies that used the sudden ankle inversion test were selected. As result, 25 articles were included. The comparison of the reaction time paired by the opposite limb, showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the injured ankles (standardized mean difference--SMD=0.40; IC 95% [0.01;0.79], P=0.05). The comparison paired by limbs from different subjects presented a statistically significant difference, in favor of the injured ankles (SMD=3.49; IC 95% [1.26;5.71], P=0.002). The effect size measured was 0.54 and 1.61, respectively. The greater reaction time delay showed in the subjects with ankle injury compared to that of asymptomatic subjects should be taken into consideration.

Amplitude de movimento, características de equipamento e freqüência de lesões em tenistas da categoria infanto-juvenil / Range of motion, equipment characteristics and injuries frequency in juvenile tennis players

Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar as amplitudes de movimento (ADM), as características da raquete e lesões em tenistas. Foram avaliados 182 tenistas da categoria infanto-juvenil em um estudo transversal. Os resultados não mostraram associações entre gênero, empunhadura, dominância, presença de lesões ou articulação lesionada. A correlação entre idade e tensão no encordoamento independente do gênero foi fraca, entretanto o encordoamento dos meninos apresentou maior tensão. Para a ADM, não houve diferença na comparação entre os gêneros. Contudo a flexão do punho não dominante (78° [1° quartil = 74° e 3° quartil = 84°] nos dois gêneros) é maior que a dominante (74° [68° e 80°] nos meninos e 76° [72° e 80°] nas meninas). A extensão do punho dominante nos homens é maior (78° [74° e 84°]) que o contralateral (74° [68° e 80°]), já nas meninas o inverso ocorre, a extensão do punho não dominante (74° [70° e 80°]) é maior que a dominante (70° [60° e 76°]). Para o cotovelo, ambos os gêneros apresentam maior ADM do lado não dominante (146° [142° e 150°] nos meninos e 148° [142° e 151°] nas meninas) comparado ao dominante (142° [139° e 146°] nos meninos e 144° [141° e 148°] nas meninas).

The aim of this study was to verify range of motion (ROM), racquet characteristics, hand dominance and injuries in tennis players. 182 tennis players from juvenile categories was evaluated in a cross sectional study. The results did not present associations between gender, racquet grip, hand dominance, injuries presence or injured joint. The correlation between age and racquet tension was weak independent of gender, however boys use a higher racquet tension. The comparison between gender ROM did not present differences, however the non-dominant hand has more flexion (78°[1° quartile = 74° and 3° quartile = 84°]) than dominant (74° [68° and 80°] to boys and 76° [72° and 80°] to girls). The dominant hand of males has more extension (78° [74° and 84°]) than non-dominant (74°[68° and 80°), but in females the non-dominant hand present more extension (74°[70° and 80°]) than dominant (70° [60° and 76°]). To the elbow, both genders present greater ROM of non-dominant side (146° [142° and 150°] to boys and 148° [142° and 151°] to girls) in comparison with dominant side (142° [139° and 146°] to boys and 144° [141° and 148°] to girls).

Influence of knee position on the postural stability index registered by the Biodex Stability System.

The importance of knee position for bodily stability is described by some authors, however Biodex Stability System (BSS) trials have not been used to assess the reliability and effects of different knee positions. The purposes of this study were to test the reliability of BSS indices using two knee positions in the measurement protocol (either permitting slight knee flexion or maintaining them locked in total extension) and to compare the BSS indices between these two knee positions. The measurements were taken of the Overall Stability Index (OSI), Anterior-Posterior Stability Index (APSI) and Medial-Lateral Stability Index (MLSI) during a 30s protocol which gradually and automatically increased in difficulty among 21 healthy female subjects (22.8+/-1.0 years old). The subjects performed four trials which, without visual feedback, permitted knee flexion as well as four trials which did not, in a randomized order. The first two trials in each set were used for familiarization only. Permitting slight flexion yielded better reliability results (OSI Intra-class Correlation Coefficient [ICC]=0.93, APSI ICC=0.90, MLSI ICC=0.89) than maintaining the knee in total extension (OSI ICC=0.88, APSI ICC=0.87, MLSI ICC=0.79), with good agreement in the Bland and Altman test. Moreover, permitted knee flexion in BSS presented better balance stability values for OSI (P=0.001) and APSI (P=0.024), however the MLSI did not present significant difference between positions (P=0.345).

Atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos do joelho em indivíduos com reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior sob diferentes estímulos sensório-motores: relato de caso / Electromyographic activity of knee muscles in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under different perturbations: case report

O objetivo deste foi descrever a atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos estabilizadores do joelho de indivíduos que receberam diferentes enxertos na cirurgia de reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA)...

The aim of this case study was to describe electromyography (EMG) activity of the knee stabilizing muscles in subjects having received different autografts in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgical reconstruction: two subjects with anterior bone-tendon-bone graft, two with hamstring graft...